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An important contribution of this period is the imparting of education in various practical subjects. Educational institutions were formally organized and established in this period. It may favourably compare with the modern Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Summarizing Jaina education we can say that the distinguishing featyre of this philosophy is its strong emphasis on non- violence,accent on multiple facets of truth , morality and ethics.

The education has always aimed at some of the philosophical and religious objectives enlisted in Indian philosophy of education. Education system according to jainism has nothing Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor special to mention except the following the vedic and buddhistic system of schooling and discipline. Describe salient features of Budhhist education. Discuss aims of education and the role of teacher with specific reference to Buddhist education.

Discuss Buddhist education with specific reference to aims of education, curriculum, methods of teaching and role of a teacher.

Q5 Discuss in detail the educational Implications of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Buddhist education. Discuss Jaina education with specific reference to various components of education. Discuss in detail the educational Implications of Jaina education. Islam does not recognize the differences on the basis Ncert Solutions Class 10th Maths Chapter 5 Reg of caste, creed, wealth, language , race, region etc. Islam contains just economic system, a well-balanced social system, codes of civil, criminal, international law and a philosophical outlook on the mission of life.

Islam Solutions 10th 8.4 Class Ncert Tutor essentially stands for deep religious life and at the same time defines a good living for the mankind. But man is also weak and forgetful. It is not merely for individuals but nation as well. Islam is not a novel religion that appeared in Arabia four centuries ago, preached by the Prophet Muhammad. It is the religion God made known on the day Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor when man first appeared on the earth.

They are capable of meeting the demands of the modern age. All these are symptoms of rationalism and reasoning. It does prohibit from such action which is difficult to do.

Islam knows the characteristics and nature of human beings. The causes of misunderstanding are improper interpretations old Jihad, the alleged use of sword in spreading Islam, imposition Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor of Jizya, polygamy, divorce etc.

It was patronised by the Muslim rulers. The sole aim of Muslim education became spread of Islam, perpetuation and preservation of Muslim culture. The Islamic laws, opinions, customs and doctrines were subjects of study and all students were required to master them. The object of Muslim education was attainment of worldly prosperity and social distinction. Curriculum : The child Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor 8.4 Class Tutor Ncert 10th Solutions Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor was taught the letters of alphabets of Urdu, persian and Arabic languages.

Recitation sutras or chapters of Quran. Stories of muslim fakirs and the poems of persian poets were also taught. For character building, the books Gulistan and Bostan written by sheikhsaddi were taught. Writing, reading and oral methods and also Monitor methods in Maktabs and madarsas. Thus Madarsasas mean a place where lectures are delivered.

Madarsa was an educational institution for imparting Islamic education and higher learning in which students sought admission after completing Maktab education.

Duration of education in Madarsas was 10 to 20 years. Discipline Education was not imparted on psychological line. Students were forced to maintain strict discipline by giving them severe corporal punishments. Truants and deliquents were severely caned on palms.

Good Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor and intelligent students were rewarded. Teacher- Pupil Relationship The relationship between teachers and studens in Muslim period was as cordial as it was during Vedantic and Buddhist period.

Students and teachers showed genuine kind of feeling of love and respect. Boarding and lodging in Madarsas was also free. Were man of high moral character. Even learned persons, literary people, poets etc got patronage and Tutor Class 8.4 Ncert Solutions 10th encouragement from states and royal families. Various forms of Literature also underwent significant growth. Its system passed through the hands and reign of many rulers. This process inevitably left an indelible mark on Indian life.

In this period a synthesis between wordly or materialistic and religious education began, and consequently a tendency toward professionalisation or vocationalisation emerged. During this period, great attention was Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor paid to the growth of history and the art of writing history.

Discuss various salient features of Islamic Education. Discuss the organization of Islamic Education Q3. Discuss Islamic education with specific reference to aims of education, curriculum, methods of teaching and role of a teacher. Comment briefly on the Educational Implications of Islamic education. An Introduction to the conventional Philosophies of education and the Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor educational implications of Essentialism.

Unit Structure 5. Education does so because every culture endows its members with formal and informal symbols and training that aim to acculturate its philosophy into attitudes, habits and skills. If philosophy expresses the belief of culture, education helps to carry them out. It is important to understand and have some knowledge of these two conflicting philosophies. These are Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor usually described as the conventional and progressive philosophies.

It must be emphasized that those who support the traditional philosophy are not old-fashioned. Major beliefs of the traditional and progressive philosophies are listed below: 5. The progressives give particular attention to English, History and Research, because these subjects have enormous cultural importance.

An essentialist program normally teaches children progressively, from less complex skills to more complex. William Bagley was The founder of the Essentialist Movement. The term essentialism as an educational philosophy was originally popularized in the s by the American educator William Bagley. Bagley completed his Ph. At Illinois, Bagley helped to develop the Department of Education to the point that it became one of the most well known in the nation.

The foundation of Essentialism took Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor place in by William Bagley. Bagley's basic point with his role in the founding of essentialism was that the currently dominant theories of education were feeble and insufficient. Most of the leading exponents are still strikingly devoted disciples of the two major systems of philosophical thoughts � idealism and realism � that emerged in the Renaissance and attained their matured formulations during the Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor early parts of the 19th century.

The expression into which each system matured is extremely diverged and not always internally consistent, with the consequence that essentialism, which include both idealism and realism, abounds with eclectic elements. Despite their differences, idealistic and realistic philosophies are deeply concerned with the three chief areas of belief: reality, knowledge and value. Essentialist believes in a critical core of information and skill that an educated person must have.

Rather, essentialists argue, schools should transmit the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that make the students model citizens. Reflecting its conservative philosophy, essentialism tends to accept the philosophical views associated with the traditional, conservative elements of American society.

It is not dependent on objective facts and measurements and not limited to empirical understanding. Epistemology Class Solutions 10th TutNcert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor or Ncert 8.4 1. Truth exists in the classics and modern science. Students must learn process and content. Knowledge is gained through the interaction of experiences and rational thought.

Axiology 1. Determined by the natural order of things. Values exist in the best of culture. Rationality is best developed through interplay of deductive and inductive thinking. To prepare students to be productive, contributing members of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor the society. To teach the young, the essentials they need to live well in the modern world.

Strong emphasis is on basic skills in elementary schools. Emphasis is on knowledge and scholastic achievement in secondary schools. Essentialism refers to the "traditional" or "Back to the Basics" approach to education. Essentialism tries to instill all students with the most essential or basic academic knowledge, skills Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Class 10th Tutor Ncert Solutions 8.4 and character development. It is so named because it strives to instill students with the "essentials" of academic knowledge and character development. The foundation of essentialist curriculum is based on traditional disciplines such as math, natural science, history, foreign language, and literature.

In the essentialist system, students are required to master a set body of information and basic techniques for their grade level Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor before they are promoted to the next higher grade. The content gradually moves towards more complex skills and detailed knowledge.

The students would learn passively by sitting on the desks and listening to the teacher. An example of essentialism would be lecture based introduction classes taught at universities. Students sit and take notes in a classroom which holds over one hundred students. They take Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor 10th Solutions Tutor Ncert Class 8.4 introductory level courses in order to introduce them to the content. After completing one course, they will take the next level course and apply what they have learned previously.

Essentialism is different from what Dewey would like to see in the schools. Students in this system would sit in rows and be taught in masses. The essentialist classroom is centered on students being Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor taught about the people, events, ideas, and institutions that have shaped the American society.

Essentialists hope that when students leave school, they will not only possess basic knowledge and skills, but they will also have disciplined, practical minds, capable of applying lessons learned in school in the real world. Essentialists believe in strict classroom management for two reasons. The first being that students Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor will team better and concentrate better if there are few distractions. Secondly the teacher can teach better with few distractions. If a student does something wrong then he or she needs to be punished.

Essentialists believe that the teachers should try to embed traditional moral values and virtues such as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality and intellectual Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Class 8.4 Solutions Tutor 10th knowledge that students need to become model citizens.

Explain the basic principles of liberal philosophy. Explain the chief affirmations of pragmatism. Discuss the educational implications of Pragmatism. One of the first recorded instances of the word liberal occurs in , when it was used to describe the liberal arts. The word "Liberalism" derives from liberty. Up to the end of the eighteenth century it Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor signified only "worthy of a free man", so that people spoke of "liberal arts", "liberal occupations".

Later the term was applied also to those qualities of intellect and of character, which were considered an ornament becoming those who occupied a higher social position on account of their wealth and education. Thus liberal got the meaning of intellectually independent, broad-minded, magnanimous, frank, open, and genial. Again Solutions Tutor Ncert 8.4 10th ClassNcert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor rong> Liberalism may also mean a political system or tendency opposed to centralization and absolutism.

In this sense Liberalism is not at variance with the spirit and teaching of the Catholic Church. Since the end of the eighteenth century, however, the word has been applied more and more to certain tendencies in the intellectual, religious, political, and economical life, which implied a partial or total emancipation of man from the supernatural, moral, and divine order. Usually, the principles of the French Revolution are considered as the Magna Charta of this new form of Liberalism.

The most fundamental principle asserts an absolute and unrestrained freedom of thought, religion, conscience, creed, speech, press, and politics. The necessary consequences of this are, on the one hand, the abolition of the Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Divine right and of every kind of authority derived from God; the relegation of religion from the public life into the private domain of one's individual conscience; the absolute ignoring of Christianity and the Church as public, legal, and social institutions; on the other hand, the putting into practice of the absolute autonomy of every man and citizen, on the lines of 8.4 10th Tutor Class Ncert Solutions Solutions Tutor Class 10th Ncert 8.4 Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor human activity, and the concentration of all public authority in one "sovereignty of the people".

This sovereignty of the people in all branches of public life as legislation, administration, and jurisdiction, is to be exercised in the name and by order of all the citizens, in such a way, that all should have share in and a control over it.

A fundamental principle of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Liberalism is the proposition: "It is contrary to the natural, innate, and inalienable right and liberty and dignity of man, to subject himself to an authority, the root, rule, measure, and sanction of which is not in him".

This principle implies the denial of all true authority; for authority necessarily presupposes a power outside and above man to bind him morally. The essential Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Tutor Class 10th Ncert 8.4 Solutions Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor elements of Liberalism are all-pervasive and touch every aspect of life.

As far as matters of the spirit are concerned, tolerance, particularly tolerance of dissent, is basic. Whether an issue is religious, communal, regional, and national or pertains to small groupings like caste and linguistic groups, tolerance of the other point of view and willingness to argue about it are of the essence of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Liberalism.

These ideas are often accepted even among political groups that do not openly profess a liberal ideological orientation. Liberalism encompasses several intellectual trends and traditions, but the dominant variants are classical liberalism, which became popular in the 18th century, and social liberalism, which became popular in the 20th century.

Liberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting several Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor foundational assumptions that dominated earlier theories of government, such as hereditary status, established religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings.

The early liberal thinker John Locke, who is often credited for the creation of liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition, employed the concept of natural rights and the social contract to argue that the rule of law should replace absolutism in government, Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor that rulers were subject to the consent of the governed, and that private individuals had a fundamental right to life, liberty, and property.

So far as religion is concerned, Liberalism is not anti- religious but it is non-denominational and perhaps skeptical. A good Liberal does not attack all religions equally as a 'secularist' would do. A good Liberal would tolerate and respect all religions equally. In that sense, Gandhiji's attitude to religion was much more liberal than that of those who call themselves 'secular' and who look at all religions with an equally malevolent eye.

The Indian Constitution is, in that sense highly liberal and extends equal respect to all religions and religious institutions. The 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, Latin Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor America, and North America.

Liberal power increased even further in the 20th century, when liberal democracies triumphed in two world wars and survived major ideological challenges from fascism and communism.

Conservatism and fundamentalism, however, remain powerful opponents of liberalism. Today, liberals are organized politically on all major continents. They have played a decisive role in the growth of republics, the spread of civil 10th Solutions 8.4 Tutor Class Ncert Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor rights and civil liberties, the establishment of the modern welfare state, the institution of religious toleration and religious freedom, and the development of globalization. Modern Liberalism adopts and propagates them under the deceiving mask of Liberalism in the true sense.

As a direct offspring of Humanism and the Reformation in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, modern Liberalism was further developed by the philosophers and Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor literati of England especially Locke and Hume, by Rousseau and the Encyclopedists in France, and by Lessing and Kant in Germany..

The legal position of the Church, according, both as a public institution and as a property-owner is a national arrangement and therefore entirely subject to the will of the nation; ecclesiastical property belongs not to the church but to the nation; the Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor abolition of ecclesiastical privileges is entirely justified, since the clergy is the natural enemy of the principles of Revolution.

The Liberal does not approach any problem with a dogmatic or preconceived attitude. He is open-minded on all issues. Thus, for instance, in so far as democratic socialism is concerned, the Liberal would be quite prepared to accept a large dose of State control as the circumstances of a particular country, case and time may warrant.

While holding the view that competition, consumer preference and the laws of the market should predominate, the Liberal is flexible about the exact nature of the mixed economy which would be context, desirable in a particular Pluralism The Liberal is of necessity, a pluralist, that is, he does not accept the predominance Solutions Tutor Class 8.4 Ncert 10th Solutions 8.4 Tutor Class Ncert 10th Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor of any one line of thought or dogma or even one class of society.

In the Liberal's mansion, there are many chambers and there is room for everything. The Liberal, therefore, believes in a pluralistic society where there are checks and balances between different organs of government, such as the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. In a federal form of government, there Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor have also to be checks and balances between the federal government on the one side and the state government on the other. In case of countries with multi-religious, multi- ethnic and multi-lingual groups, such as India, the Liberal believes in the protection of the rights of the minorities.

Justice and Modernity The Liberal stands for justice for the little guy, whoever he may Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor be. Thus, he is for equality of women with men, though he may not be for Women's Lib with all its aberrations. The Liberal stands up for the rights of children and decent treatment for them. So too, the Liberal pleads for sympathy for the criminal and the odd man out.

The Liberal is a modernist. He is an advocate of change. He Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor stresses the role of managerial skills in industry and business and other walks of life. He accepts the importance of science in modern society. It is not an accident that technology only thrives in freedom and, where freedom is denied to the scientist and technologist, there is stagnation.

Now, by bread, we don't mean only bread. By bread we mean the good Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor things of life � the material values of life, consumer goods, as we call them. There is no known example in human history till this day where, by denying people freedom, you give them a prosperous life.

On the contrary the 'Affluent Society' comes only where there is maximum freedom. A Free Economy A free economy therefore means that government has to play a Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor rather limited and restricted part.

Social control must be limited to a minimum. The whole idea of control is to interfere with people when something is going wrong.

The second characteristic of a free society is that the consumer is the King. Everything must be done to serve the needs of the consumer, not of the industrialist, not of the businessman, not of Tutor 10th 8.4 Class Ncert Solutions the factory worker, but of the man who consumes, because he is the ordinary citizen.

We all consume. Pragmatism as such , is an attitude of mind which views that reality is in flux, in a continuous process of action, making and dissolution, and is in the state of becoming responding vigorously to the need and demand of human experiences and fluctuating with the Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor insight and progress that man may acquire during his journey on earth.

It was first introduced into philosophy by Mr. Charles Peirce in It is primarily a 20th century philosophy developed by Americans. We must keep the desired end in mind.

Truth is the index of human satisfaction. Hence truth is relative and contingent subject to satisfying human needs. Experimental Pragmatism :- Only those Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Tutor Class Solutions Ncert 10th 8.4 Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor things and principles are true which can be verified experimentally.

Experientially verified things only are true. It is therefore, the outcome is verification. Biological Pragmatism :- According to it ,whatever helps oneself to adjust and to adapt with environment or helps in changing the environment, is valuable and important. Truth, therefore, is biologically useful.

It also may be called Instrumentalism as Idea are Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor tools and instruments. They are meant to attain practical knowledge. It means a thinker, is a manipulator and not a beholder. Idea or thoughts enlarge their scope by testing themselves the practical issues. To them reality is change which lies in man making- That which works in a practical situation. Thought is Subordinate to action: - Believe in action rather than thought.

Though thoughts Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor create means for action yet it is passive to action. Ideas are the tools. Rejects ultimate values:- Values are manmade, which are created in course of activities and experiences. They do not believe any ultimate values because these values are constantly changing with the passage of time, situation and need. Pragmatism is Experimentalism:- It stands for testing every statement by finding Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor out its practical implication.

So they gave special emphasis on experimentation. Everything subjected to experiment is good. Man is the creator of his environment and has uncontrolled initiative in this regard. Faith in Democracy:- It is only through democracy that the individual develops his personality to a fullest extent.

Because democracy gives importance on both individual and social development resulting in total national Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Tutor 8.4 Solutions Class 10th Ncert 8.4 Solutions Ncert Class 10th Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor development. Changing nature of truth. Truth lies in successful application and result. Problem act as motivations for truth. Faith in social interaction. Principle of utility.

No fixed values and ideas. Human initiative. Activity as central. Forward looking. Pluralistic and flexibility. Reality in making. These all emerge during reconstruction of experience, and as such no way to education is true way. Aims of education, Ncert 8.4 Tutor Class Solutions 10th 8.4 Tutor Solutions Ncert Class 10th therefore, are emergent and subject to change from time to time. Social efficiency. Adaptation to environment. Harmonious development. Integrated curriculum.

This method is followed by certain principles and steps which are given below as principle of project method. Life oriented. Problem centred Purposeful in nature. Activity based Manual or motor in nature. Producer type. Consumer type.

Problem type. Drill type. Doing is more important 10th 8.4 Class Tutor Solutions Ncert Tutor Class 8.4 10th Solutions Ncert Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class Tutor 10th 8.4 than knowing, the pragmatic teacher wants his pupil to think and act for themselves to do rather than to know, to originate rather than to repeat. Teaching should not be based on lecturing and repeating only.

The teacher should create a problem solving attitude in his pupils. Discipline Pragmatism believes in Social discipline. Project method deals with all such essentials.

They believe that Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor play and work should be combined and this combination will perform a mental attitude � discipline, inner discipline cannot be maintained through force and domination. It is an innovative, naturalistic, experimental and problem solving approach of life and education. To bring about fundamental, social, political, economic changes in society through education; 2. To change culture and its structure. Learner: 1.

Equality with teacher in 10th Class Solutions 8.4 Tutor Ncert learning process; 2. Personal autonomy; 3. People create history and culture by combining reflection with action. Teacher: 1. Provocateur; suggests but does not determine direction for learning; 2. Equality between teacher and learner.

Source of Authority Socioeconomic and sociopolitical imbalances. Time Frame Origins are found in the 18th c. Modern movement began in early s in Brazil with Freire. Marxism Marxism is a Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor particular political philosophy, with economical and sociological worldview based upon a materialist interpretation of history.

An analysis of capitalism, a theory of social change, and an atheist view of human liberation is the result of the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The three primary aspects aspects of Marxism are: 1. The productive capacity of society is the foundation of society, and as Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor this capacity increases over time the social relations of production, class relations, evolve through this struggle of the classes and pass through definite stages Primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism.

The legal, political,, Ideological and other aspects e. The critique of capitalism � Marx argues that in capitalist society, an economic minority dominates and exploits the working class majority. Marx attempted to argue that Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor capitalism was exploitative, specifically the way in which unpaid labor is extracted from the working class, extending and critiquing the work of earlier political economists on value. This forms the fundamental contradiction of capitalist society.

Without the elimination of the fetter of the private ownership of the means of production, human society is unable to achieve further development. Advocacy of proletarian revolution � In Class Solutions 8.4 Ncert Tutor 10th Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor order to overcome the fetters of private property the working class must seize political power internationally through a social revolution and expropriate the capitalist classes around the world and place the productive capacities of society into collective ownership.

Upon this,, material foundation classes would be abolished and the material basis for all forms of inequality between humankind would dissolve. A system of government 8.4 Tutor 10th Ncert Class Solutions Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people.

The Marxist-Leninist version of Communist doctrine that advocates the overthrow of capitalism by the revolution of the working class. The year was also marked by the appearance of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor The Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the primary exposition f the socioeconomic doctrine that came to be known as Marxism.

It postulated the certainty of a communist society, which would result when economic forces the determinants of history caused the class war; in this struggle the exploited industrial workers would overthrow the capitalists and establish the new classless order of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Class 10th Ncert Tutor Solutions 8.4 social ownership.

Marxian theories and programs soon came to dominate left-wing thought. Although the German group founded in for which The Communist Manifesto was written was called the Communist League, the Marxist movement went forward under the name of socialism.

An economic and social system envisioned by the nineteenth- century German scholar Karl Marx. In practice, a single authoritarian party controls both the political Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor and economic systems. In the twentieth century, communism was associated with the economic and political systems of China and the Soviet Union and of the satellites of the Soviet Union.

Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a social and economic system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system. As Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor a social and economic system, communism would be a type of egalitarian Affirming, promoting, or characterized by belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people. Society with no state, no privately owned means of production, and no social classes.

All property is owned cooperatively and collectively, by the community as a whole, and all people have equal social and Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor economic status and rights. Human need or advancement is not left unsatisfied because of poverty, and is rather solved through distribution of resources as needed.

This is thus often the system proposed to solve the problem of the capitalist poverty cycle. This definition is rather too wide for many tastes, since it encompasses, as Karl Popper has pointed out, the early Christian church, Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor as it is described in the Acts of the Apostles. Among other subjects, Marxism proposes the materialist conception of history; there are stages of economic development: slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and communism.

These stages are advanced through a dialectical process, progressing society as history progresses. This progress is driven by class struggle. Communism is the final form of class society as it results in one class, or conversely there are no classes as those divisions cannot exist if any one exists. Although many small communist societies have existed throughout human history, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the first to devise a rigorous theoretical basis for communism.

The political theory they created, namely Marxism, became the chief advocate of communism in the modern world. Marxism seeks to explain historical phenomena in terms of class struggle. According to Marxists, human society consists of a number of social classes, which are differentiated by their relationship to the means of production. For example, capitalist society consists of the bourgeoisie the capitalists; those who own the means of production and the proletariat the workers; those who must work for wages in order to make a living, Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor because they do not possess any means of production of their own.

One social class is the ruling class, and it uses its wealth and power to exploit the other class es. Eventually, one of the exploited classes rises up to overthrow the ruling class and the existing system, establishing itself as the new ruling class of a new system for example, capitalism Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor was established when the bourgeoisie overthrew feudalism and the feudal ruling class-the aristocracy. The formation of these classes are explained by Economic Determinism, in which human nature forms these classes in their will to protect the current modes of production.

According to the theory, class struggle is the engine of a cycle in which socio-economic systems are created, destroyed and replaced. Marsism identifies Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor several systems that have been created and destroyed by it since the beginning of human history.

However, social classes � and therefore class struggle- have not always existed. They were created at the dawn of human civilization, when nomadic tribes first settled down and started practicing agriculture. Before that, human beings lived in a kind of classless society that can be described as primitive Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor communism.

That system eventually gave way to feudalism, which eventually gave way to capitalism. According to Marxism, the class struggle within capitalism will eventually lead to the proletariat overthrowing the bourgeoisie and establishing socialism. Socialism, in turn, will result in the gradual fading of social classes as the means of production are made public property , which will lead to the final stage of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor human society-communisms.

This forms the basis for the Marxist foundation for communism. Communism cannot change into another system because class struggle � the mechanism that drives such changes-no longer exists. Respect for Public Property � Teachers should uphold the principle by using stories from history, but above all the example. The teacher must strictly enforce that the child must not harm others by breaking Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor any rules regarding respect for public property. Respect for Authority � in another moral moral principle which children must learn early in life.

This respect is not to be based upon fear of punishment, but rather the child should learn to respect the authority of the teacher and others because these people have been helpful, understanding, fair and firm. Patriotism � the development Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor of a good moral character is as essential part of the Marxist education. This Devotion beings with love of parents, relatives, friends, the local community and then the government and the thinkers and leaders of the state- Marx, Lenin, Station and others.

Love and Respect for Parents, Elders and all workers- Patriotism is based upon the immediate attachment to parents, friends, relatives and local 10th Ncert Class Tutor 8.4 Solutions Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor environment. But the love of persons is a value worth cultivating for its own sake. Education should play an important part in fostering love and respect for people. Children should be taught these noble sentiments through literature, good examples and the practice of manners expressed in word and deed.

This is the true essence of the basic values. Children should be taught politeness, Class Ncert Solutions 8.4 10th Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor manners and obedience to elders and teachers. Rudeness and disobedience should be checked and corrected. Another aspect of developing respect for persons, whether old or young, should be respect for truth and hatred of lying.

The common Good � the common good is ranked very high in Marxist philosophy. There is public ownership of all land, resources and instruments of production, horsing, recreation and education.

This is achieved through comradeship, friendship, sharing co- operation, discharging social obligations, Respect for school property, group work and play; co- educational projects are all aspects of working for the common good.

Discipline � In the Marxist system, discipline in a most important virtue. The school must insist on discipline not only because it is necessary for life. From early years, children Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor must be educated in such a manner that a state of discipline will remain as their permanent possession. It must be self � discipline. The value of Labour � In Marxism, the true value of any object is be measured by the amount of human labour which has been performed in its production.

Labour is not to be regarded as something distasteful of unpleasant. On the other hand, labour is to be considered an expression of the highest aspiration of a human being. It gives man the opportunity to serve his fellow men, thus promoting the common good. This central aim provides the rationale for the curricula and the teaching methods in the schools � while teaching, the teacher must have the following goals in mid: 1 Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor The development of knowledge in the academic area such as mathematics, science, foreign languages and history, knowledge is not to e imparted of acquired for its own shake, it has a social purpose- namely the service o f the state.

Bragg and his father W. Bragg determined the cubic structure of NaCl using X � Rays. According to Bragg, a crystal Composed of series 10th 8.4 Class Tutor Solutions Ncert of equally spaced atomic planes could be employed not only as a transmission grating as suggested by Laue but also as a reflection grating.

A strong reflected constructive beam will result only if all the reflected rays are in phase. The reflected waves by different layer planes will be in phase with one another only if the difference in the path length of Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor the waves reflected from the successive planes is equal to an integral number of wavelengths. It may noted from the fig. Two X � Ray waves in phase are shown to be approaching the crystal.

One wave is reflected from the first layer of atoms while the second wave is reflected from the second layer of atoms. The wave reflected from the second layer travels more distance before emerging from the crystal than the first wave.

For constructive interference 2 d Sinq must be equal to nl. Distance between two successive planes d can be calculated form this equation. From the knowledge of close packed structures and the voids developed there in, we can have an idea about the structures of simple ionic compounds. Among the two ions, constituting the binary compounds, the anions usually constitute the space lattice with hcp or ccp type of arrangements whereas the cations, occupy the interstitial voids.

The number of sodium ions is equal to that of Cl - ions. Chloride ions In a typical unit cell are arranged in cubic close packing ccp. In this arrangement, Cl - ions are present at the corners Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor and at the centre of each face of the cube. This arrangement is also regarded as face centred cubic arrangement fcc. The sodium ions are present in all the octahedral holes. So that the formula of sodium chloride is NaCl i. This is called coordination. Watch this Video for more reference.

The Zinc ions are arranged in ccp arrangement, i. Zinc ions occupy Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor tetrahedral hole. Since the void is tetrahedral, each zinc ion is surrounded by four sulphide ions and each sulphide ion is surrounded tetrahedrally by four zinc ions. Thus zinc sulphide has Co � ordination. Actually this ratio is slightly large 0. It is an alternate form in which ZnS occurs in nature. Coordinate no. Thus, this structure has 4 : 4 coordination. Thus, there are Solutions 8.4 Ncert Class Tutor 10th Ncert Solutions Class 10th 8.4 Tutor 6 formula units per unit cell. The chloride ion form the simple cubic arrangement and the caesium ions occupy the cubic interstitial holes.

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